张磊的教学资料

一．活动主题

1  课堂辩论：   （第二章 ）9人

    公理胜于强权——国际法是有用的

    强权胜于公理——国际法是没用的

2 课堂辩论：   （第四章） 9人

    主权（观念）未过时

    主权（观念）已过时

3 模拟审判：84事件 （第四章 ） 8人

4  课堂辩论：   （第九章 ）9人

    安乐死符合人道精神

    安乐死不符合人道精神

5  环境问题模拟审判（案情自定）（第十一章 ） 8人

6  模拟朝核问题六方谈判（第十二章） 8人

二．模拟审判题目及要求

题目1：

2003年，我国齐齐哈尔发生日本遗留的毒品伤人事件（84事件）。受害人李桂珍先生不幸死亡，其妻刘爱平女士委托律师，向驻荷兰海牙的前日军侵华问题特别法庭起诉日本政府，要求赔偿，请根据以上事实，结合国际法的有关知识、理论做准备，进行一次模拟审判。

要求：

1 人数：法官1人，记录及工作人员1人

              原告及代理律师团3人

              被告及代理律师团3人

证人等外请

2 按照正常审判程序

开庭、法庭调查、法庭辩论、被告最后陈述、评议、宣判

题目二：

       环境问题模拟审判（第十一章 ）

具体案情自定

要求：

1 人数：法官1人，记录及工作人员1人

              原告及代理律师团3人

              被告及代理律师团3人

证人等外请

2 按照正常审判程序

开庭、法庭调查、法庭辩论、被告最后陈述、评议、宣判

三．模拟谈判题目及要求

题目：

        模拟朝核问题六方谈判（第十二章）

程序：

背景陈述（PPT）

入场

发言、谈判

签署条约

新闻发布会

  参与者： 主持者1人、代表6人、工作人员1人

   其他记者、专家、秘书等外请

四：模拟辩论要求

详见另一份文件《辩论赛规则》

一、赛制  四对四辩论赛

二、参赛人员  每组4 人，两组共8人， 主持1人  另外，计时人员2人，由教师随机抽取3-5位评委

三、宗旨  辩清论题，体现能力，评1位最佳辩手。

四、辩论赛程序及用时规定

    1、主持介绍比赛辩题，评委，比赛规则，参赛队及所持立场等。 2、主持宣布比赛开始 3、正方一辩开篇立论  时间不超过3分钟   4、主持发言   5、反方一辩开篇立论  时间不超过3分钟   6、主持发言  7、正方二辩补充陈词  时间不超过3分钟  8、主持发言   9、反方二辩补充陈词  时间不超过3分钟   10、主持发言    11、  反方三辩分别向正方一，二，四辩各提问一个问题进行盘问，采用一问一答的形式。每次提问时间不超过15秒钟，正方三位辩手每位回答用时不得多于60秒。 12、主持发言  13、正方三辩提问(规则同上)  14、主持发言  15、反方三辩小结(用时不超过1分30秒)  16、主持发言   17、正方三辩小结(用时不超过1分30秒)   18、主持发言  19、自由辩论环节  双方各累计时间不超过6分钟，共计12分钟(各辩手最少发言一次)   20、主席发言  21、评委提问  评委向反方提出1～2个问题  回答时间不超过一分钟   22、主持发言  23、评委提问  评委向正方提出1～个问题  回答时间不超过一分钟)   24、主持发言  25、反方四辩总结陈词  时间不超过4分钟      26、主持发言   27、正方四辩总结陈词  时间不超过4分钟  28、由主持组织现场观众就辩题与辩手进行交流。采用观众提问并指定由正反任意一方回答的方式。  29、评委协商、确定胜负，最佳辩手  30、评委点评

五、辩论赛规则

    1、时间提示

    自由辩论阶段，每方使用时间剩余30秒时，各个陈词阶段，每方剩30秒时，记时员都将分别以举牌提示；所有阶段，时间用完时，以举牌示意辩手应立即停止发言。

    2、陈词

    提倡即兴陈词，语言流利，引经典恰当。

    3、开篇立论

    立论要逻辑清晰，言简意赅

    4、盘问阶段规则：

    (1)由正(反)方三辩向对方提三个问题，按序由对方一，二，四辩进行回答，一位辩手只回答一个问题，对方辩手回答完即可座下。

    (2)提问方每次发言时间不超过15秒，答方每次发言时间不超过60秒。(基本原则：提问方只问不能答，回答方回答不能问。)

    5、小结

    对刚结束的盘问环节做小结并进一步对本方观点做补充、阐述

6、自由辩论规则：

    这一阶段，正反方辩手自由轮流发言，交替进行，直至双方时间耗尽。发言辩手落座为发言结束即为另一方发言开始的记时标志，另一方辩手必须紧接着发言；若有间隙，累计时间照常进行。另一方不得打断对方发言。同一方辩手的发言次序不限。如果一方时间已经用完，另一方可以继续发言，也可向主席示意放弃发言。

    7、结辩    辩论双方应针对辩论会整体态势进行总结陈词，不应脱离实际

    8、参赛辩手不得在辩词中杜撰事实，捏造数据，进行人身攻击。

六、胜负判断：

上海外国语大学学士学位论文撰写补充规定

上外教（2006）3号

学士学位论文是学生综合运用所学知识、培养创新能力和科学精神的重要环节。也是衡量学生毕业与学位资格认证的重要依据。为保证我校学士学位论文的质量，特对我校学士学位论文撰写作如下补充规定。本规定从2006年5月10日开始实施。

一、论文的组成

论文的内容及其顺序依次为：论文封面、题名页（中文或外文）、谢辞、论文诚信声明、中外文摘要、中外文目录、正文、注释、参考文献等。

二、论文资料的填写及有关资料的装订

论文统一使用学校下发的论文封面。封面要用黑色或蓝黑色墨水工整书写。

装订顺序：封面、论文评阅书、开题目报告、题名页（中文或外文）、谢辞、论文诚信声明、中外文摘要、中外文目录、正文、注释、参考文献等依次装订在一起。题名页（中文或外文）和论文诚信声明的样张可以在我校教务网上下载。

用3枚订书钉装订，中间的一枚订书钉上下居中，最上面的一枚和最下面的一枚与中间的一枚均相距80mm，3枚订书钉与页面左边缘均相距15mm。

三、论文撰写的内容

（一）、论文题目

标题应该简短，明确，有概括性，字数要恰当，主标题不宜超过20字，如果有些细节必须放进标题里，可将标题分成主标题和副标题。

（二）、谢辞

谢辞应以简短的文字对撰写过程中曾直接给予帮助的人员（例如指导教师、答疑教师及其他人员）表示谢意。

（三）、中外文摘要

中文摘要：约500字(限一页)。包括论文题目、摘要和关键词。

外文摘要：中文摘要后为外文摘要，外文摘要约为400词(限一页)。内容应与中文摘要相对应。

（四）、中外文目录

目录应独立成页，包括论文中三级以上标题及页码。标题要层次清晰，且与正文中的标题相一致。

（五）、正文

正文一般包括绪论、正文主体与结论，其内容分别为：

绪论应说明本课题研究的意义、目的、研究范围等；阐述本课题应解决的主要问题。

正文主体是对研究工作的详细表述，应做到结构合理，层次清晰，重点突出，文字简练、通顺。正文主体可以分成几章。

结论应该明确，精炼，完整和准确。结论单独作为一章。要突出论文的创新之处，以简练的文字对论文的主要工作进行评价。

（六）、注释

论文中有个别名词需要解释或者引文需要注明时，可加注说明，注释可用页末注（将注文放在加注页的下端）或篇末注（将全部注文集中在文章末尾）。

（七）、参考文献

只列论文作者直接阅读过、在正文中被引用过且已正式发表的文献资料。参考文献一律放在论文结论后。

五、论文的写作细则

（一）、语言表述

论文应层次分明，数据可靠，文字简练，说明透彻，推理严谨，立论正确。

（二）、打印

论文要用A4纸打印（手写时必须用黑色或蓝黑墨水）。汉字必须使用国家公布的规范字。

（三）、标题体系

标题一律用粗体，标题体系应一致，以英文为例：

或者：1  1.1  1.1.1    2  2.1  2.1.1

或者：ⅠⅡⅢ    ABC   1 2 3    1) 2) 3)   a b c

中文：一、  （一）   1、

（四）、页码

页码从正文开始按阿拉伯数字连续编排。页码位于页面底端，居中，中文摘要、外文摘要和中外文目录等不标注页码。

（五）、注释和参考文献

用中文撰写的论文的注释和参考文献部分使用以下格式：

连续出版物：作者．文题．刊名，年，卷号(期号)：起止页码

专(译)著：作者．书名(，译者)．出版地：出版者，出版年．起止页码

学位论文：姓名．文题：[XX学位论文]．授予单位所在地：授予单位，授予年

用英文撰写的论文必须严格按照MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers(第五版)（上海外语教育出版社2001年7月第1版）的规范写注释和参考文献部分。用其他语种撰写的论文可以参照该书的要求。

用中文撰写的论文的参考文献中既有中文文献又有外文文献的，请先列出中文文献，后列出外文文献；用外文撰写的论文的参考文献中既有中文文献又有外文文献的，先列出外文文献，后列出中文文献。

六、论文的打印要求

（一）、封面

采用教务处已经发放的统一格式的方面，用黑色或者蓝黑墨水工整书写。用外文撰写的先用中文书写论文题目，把对应的外文题目写在中文的题目之后。

（二）、中外文摘要、目录、正文的格式、字体、字型及字号要求

1．中文摘要和目录：

中文摘要（小四号宋体）

目录（小四号宋）

关键词：3-5个，中间用“，”号分开(小四号宋体)

2．外文摘要和目录（以英文为例，其他语种参照）：

ENGLISH TITLE（居中、小三号Arial Black）

Abstract（小四号Arial Black）

Contents（小四号Times New Roman)

Key Words:3-5个（小四号Arial Black）

3．正文中文用小四宋体，英文用Times New Roman，其他语种的字体参照执行。

一级节标题三号粗宋

二级节标题小三号粗宋

三级节标题四号粗宋

5．注释、参考文献五号宋

4．行间距要求

行距：1.5

5．用纸及打印规格         

论文尺寸规格为A4(210X297mm)。上下边距均为25.4mm，左右边距为31.7mm，即Word默认页面。

上海外国语大学教务处

2006

西方国家政治制度课程读书报告

透过“野蛮人”看卢梭的自由观

[法]让·雅克·卢梭（Jean Jacques Rousseau）：《论人类不平等的起源和基础》，李常山译，北京：商务印书馆，1962年中文版。

【关键词】野蛮人　自由

【内容摘要】在本文中，笔者以卢梭在《论人类不平等的起源和基础》中对“野蛮人”的论述为出发点，谈了对卢梭自由观（“人是生而自由的，但却无不在枷锁之中”　）的一点浅见。

一、      内容简介

《论人类不平等的起源和基础》是十八世纪法国启蒙思想家、哲学家、文学家卢梭应法国第戎科学院的征文而写作的论文。这篇论文可谓是卢梭《社会契约论》的前奏，也可以说是卢梭整个政治学说的导言。文中，卢梭借助当时有关野蛮人的人类学资料，展开辩证的想象，简要回顾了人类由自然状态向社会状态过渡的历史进程，旨在指出：人类的进步史也就是人类的堕落史；而私有制的确立，恰恰是造成人类不平等及其后果的关键环节。

二、      简评

由于时间关系，笔者只将全篇论文仔细通读了一遍，其中的许多细节尚待于今后的阅读中多加体会和理解。在阅读全文的过程中，笔者对“野蛮人”一词印象颇深。一来是因为这个词在文中出现的频率十分高，二来是因为笔者通过卢梭对“野蛮人”这一概念的定义和论述对他的自由观有了一个初步的了解和认识。其实，关注“野蛮人”这一论述的远不只笔者一人。伏尔泰在著名的致谢卢梭赠书的信中就曾说“从没有人用过这么大的智慧企图把我们变成畜牲。读了你的书，真的令人渴望用四只脚走路了。”[1]接下来，笔者就想以“野蛮人”为切入点谈一点对卢梭的自由观的最浅显的认识——

（一）人是生而自由的

“人是生而自由的，……”

这句出自卢梭《社会契约论》中的传世名言对我们来说是再熟悉不过的了。在它名垂千古的同时，也有很多人质疑：为什么说人生而自由呢？这样的结论有没有理论根据呢？或许我们自己无法找到答案，但笔者认为，从卢梭在《论人类不平等的起源和基础》中对“野蛮人”的论述之中，我们可以发现卢梭对这个问题的答案。

 卢梭在论文的第一部分就提出了“野蛮人”这一概念。他将人类理性的起源开端与这样一个“野蛮人”——“漂泊于森林中的野蛮人，没有农工业、没有语言、没有住所、没有战争、彼此间也没有任何联系，他对于同类既无所需求，也无加害意图，甚至也许从来不能辨认他同类中的任何人。这样的野蛮人不会有多少情欲，只过着无求于人的孤独生活，所以他仅有适合于这种状态的感情和知识。……”[2]它认为处于自然状态下的“野蛮人”之间是没有任何种类交往的。因此，孤独是“野蛮人”最显著的特征。正因为他们是孤独的，所以“他们不知道什么叫做虚荣、尊崇、重视和轻蔑，他们丝毫没有‘你的’和‘我的’这种概念；……”[3]从“野蛮人”的生活状态中，卢梭得出的结论便是：他们是自由的。除了自然以外，“野蛮人”没有任何的限制，因为他们总是独自一人，即使和同伴在一起，他们之间的关系也没有超出共同合作以外更多的关系，甚至连世俗世界的观念都未尝发生。

假设卢梭对在自然状态中的“野蛮人”的生活的猜想是正确的，那么从这样的论述中，我们不难得出“人是生而自由的”这一结论。因为，“野蛮人”是人类智慧的起源，而“野蛮人”的生活状态，除了自然以外，无疑是没有任何束缚的，而自然的束缚在卢梭看来根本不能算是束缚，那么“野蛮人”就是自由的。既然人类起源于一个自由的源头，那么人即是生而自由的。这便是卢梭的逻辑。虽然这个观点的提出和推理过程从现在的进化论和其他诸多理论角度来看有着诸多的漏洞和不足，但笔者认为对于“野蛮人”在自然状态中的想象是有一定根据和合理性的。

值得一提的是，卢梭在论述的过程中提出了这样一个观点，即“我们应当避免把野蛮人和我们目前所见的人混为一谈”[4]。他指出了当时一些学者用现代人的观点来描述野蛮人的生活状态的不合理性。笔者认为这一观点不管是在当时还是在现今都是非常有创见性的。它给予我们一个启示，同时也是忠告：在研究历史的过程中，必须考虑当时的社会现状和人们的意识形态，而不应该以现世的观点考量过去的人。

卢梭从论述中得出人的起源是自由的，那么从人类的发展进程中，他就很自然地提出了以下的观点——

（二）人是生而自由的，但却无不在枷锁之中

在卢梭看来，既然在自然状态下的“野蛮人”实际处于一种自由的状态，那么不自由的枷锁完全是人类自己给套上的。关于这一观点，笔者认为，我们可以从卢梭对野蛮人逐渐向文明人过渡的过程之描写中看出来。

从生理上来看，随着“野蛮人”向文明社会的过渡，他们的肌体开始退化，各种疾病开始蔓延。其中，笔者认为卢梭对于疾病的一段论述极为精彩——卢梭指出，文明人生活方式上的极度不平等、种种的过度、体力的疲劳和精神的枯竭都是他们的心灵得不到安宁。而“这一切都是不幸的凭证，足以证明人类的不幸大部分都是人类自己造成的”[5]。反观现代人的种种不健康的生活习惯和越来越多的疾病侵扰，我们不得不承认这一观点的合理性。针对当时的现状，卢梭提出，“如果我们能够始终保持自然给我们安排的简朴、单纯、孤独的生活方式，我们几乎能够完全免去这些不幸”[6]——这样的建议似乎正被当代人所接受。诚然，现代人难耐寂寞，但是，越来越多的人正在开始追求一种现代意义上的“俭朴”、“单纯”的生活方式。

从理性发展来看，在“野蛮人”的“进化”（卢梭始终将这种进步视作人类的悲惨的退化）过程中，理性逐渐代替了自然状态下的人所固有的怜悯心，人们开始将自己与他人充分地联系在一起，人与人之间的关系开始变得越来越紧密，每个人都开始关注自己、关注别人。于是，公众重视具有了一种价值，尊重的观念开始形成。这就是人类“走向不平等的第一步”[7]。此后，社会交往所产生的一系列比较、压迫和被压迫渐渐的束缚住了本是自由的“野蛮人”，于是，自由变成了文明社会中人们最稀缺的要素之一。这一观点使笔者联想到了一个人的成长过程——儿童在不断的比较之中渐渐了解了什么是权威，到最后屈从于权威而丧失固有的好奇心和反叛心。人们常说的一个人的棱角被慢慢磨平正是这么一个过程。在卢梭笔下，这种自由的缺失最后导致的结果就是——“文明人毫无怨声的带着他的枷锁，野蛮人则绝不肯向枷锁低头……前一种人……是把最悲惨的奴隶状态称为和平”[8]。

从卢梭虽然缺乏足够的客观证据却充满激情的论证之中，笔者强烈地体会到了“人是生而自由的，但却无不在枷锁之中”这句话的深意。

三、      小结

卢梭对“野蛮人”的描述是他之后诸多理论的基础。基于对“野蛮人”自然状态以及他们“进化”过程的想象和假设，卢梭指出了人类不平等的起源和基础在于私有制的建立。也是以这样一种自然状态为基石，卢梭写出了著名的《社会契约论》。

此次阅读卢梭的《论人类不平等的起源和基础》是笔者接触这门课程的一块敲门砖。笔者通过对这本书和其他相关书籍的阅读，对卢梭有了一个初步的理解，也对这门课程有了一些概念。

最后，笔者想说的是，排除这篇论文在学术上的成就和研究价值。从思想层面来说，它也非常值得一读。卢梭在书中所指出的文明人的诸多问题，虽然难免有失客观，却发人深省。作为一个“现代的文明人”，着实有必要看一下这本书，从中得到一些启示，反思一下自己的生活状态。这也是笔者选择从自由这个偏向精神层面的角度来写这篇书评的原因所在。

参考文献

[法]让·雅克·卢梭（Jean Jacques Rousseau）：《论人类不平等的起源和基础》，李常山译，北京：商务印书馆，1962年12月。

[法]让·雅克·卢梭（Jean Jacques Rousseau）：《社会契约论》，何兆武译，北京：商务印书馆，2003年3月。

[比]特鲁松：《卢梭传》，李平沤，何三雅译，北京：商务印书馆，1998年12月。

法兰西斯·韦渥：《卢梭》，裘奇译，北京：新华出版社，1988年1月。

[法]让·雅克·卢梭（Jean Jacques Rousseau）：《爱弥儿》，李平沤译，北京：商务印书馆，2004年10月。

            Constitution of the United States (1787)

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George Washington (holding the Constitution) presided at the Philadelphia convention whrere the historic document was drafted; Benjamin Franklin, The convention's oldest member, is seatd second from left.

By the mid-1780s, the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation had become clear to many observers. In their reaction to what they considered the authoritarian government of George III, the framers of the Articles had deliberately created a weak government, although they believed that it had sufficient powers to govern. That assumption proved false. Among its other defects, the Articles of Confederation gave the Congress no power to tax or to regulate commerce among the states, it lacked both executive and judicial branches, and amending the Articles required unanimity of all the states.

James Madison of Virginia, working with the blessing of George Washington, led the drive to get Congress to call a convention for the express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation. But once the delegates had gathered in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787, they took the bit in their teeth and decided to draft an entirely new document, one that would meet what they perceived to be the current and future needs of the country.

Government under the Constitution remained federal in nature, that is, power was shared between the states and the national government. But where under the Articles the states had been the dominant force, under the Constitution the national government would be supreme. The framers saw both state and national governments as active participants in the political process.

One of the key features in the Constitution, and one that would become a critical factor in the nineteenth century, is that the source of sovereignty, the source of the authority for the document, is the citizenry. "We the People of the United States" ordain and establish the Constitution. This is a direct link to the Declaration of Independence, which declared that governments derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed.

Perhaps the most striking feature of the Constitution was how extensively it implemented the prevailing notions of separation of powers. Clear lines divided the legislative, executive and judicial branches. In a sharp departure from their experience under the Articles, the framers put a great deal of power in the hands of the president. At the same time, a system of checks and balances ensured that no one branch of the government would dominate the others.

In the debate over ratification of the Constitution that took place in the fall and winter of 1787-88, proponents of the new document -- called Federalists -- claimed that not only would it remedy the defects of the Articles of Confederation, but it would provide a strong yet limited government that would ensure the peace and security of the new nation. Those opposed to the Constitution -- known as Anti-Federalists -- operated at a disadvantage, because they recognized and admitted that the government under the Articles had not been a success. They did, however, demand that as a price of ratification a bill of rights should be added. The Federalists believed that no such listing was necessary, because as a government of limited powers, the new government would have no authority to invade the rights of the citizens. But as Thomas Jefferson explained to James Madison, "A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular, and what no just government should refuse, or rest upon inferences."

With the ratification of the Constitution, the new government met in the spring of 1789, and Congress immediately adopted and sent to the states a series of proposed amendments. The states ratified ten of them by 1791, and these have since been known as the Bill of Rights. Other amendments have followed, a few of them primarily technical in nature, but for the most part they have expanded the democratic nature of American society -- by abolishing slavery, widening the suffrage or making government more responsive to the people, as in the direct election of senators.

The Constitution has served the people of the United States admirably for over 200 years, in part because the framers were wise enough to recognize that they could not foresee every problem. Those who followed them thus had the ability to take the document and adapt it to new needs and new conditions.

For further reading: Michael Kammen, ed., The Origins of the American Constitution: A Documentary History (1986); Forrest McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution (1985); Clinton Rossiter, 1787: The Grand Convention (1966); Clinton Rossiter, ed., The Federalist Papers (1961).

                        Constitution of the United States

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Article 1

Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, andwithin every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the ournal.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsiderations two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.

Section 8. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;

To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; -- And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear or pay Duties in another. No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince or foreign State.

Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, coin Money; emit Bills of Credit, make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

Article II

Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows

Each State shall appoint, In such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; a quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation: -- "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreements between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

Section 4. The President, Vice President and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Article III

Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.

Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; -- to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; -- to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; -- to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; -- to Controversies between two or more States; -- between a State and Citizens of another State; -- between Citizens of different States; -- between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the Supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appelate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

Article IV

Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.

Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.

Article V

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.

Article VI

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

Article VII

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In witness thereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

Articles in Addition to, and Amendment of, the Constitution of the United States of America, Proposed by Congress, and Ratified by the Several States, Pursuant to the Fifth Article of the Original Constitution.

Amendment I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Amendment II

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Amendment III

No Soldier, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Amendment IV

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Amendment V

No Person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Amendment VI

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witness against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

Amendment VII

In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Amendment VIII

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Amendment IX

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Amendment X

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. [The first ten amendments were ratified Dec. 15, 1791.]

Amendment XI

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. [Jan. 8, 1798]

Amendment XII

The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; -- The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; -- The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President -- The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. [Sept. 25, 1804]

Amendment XIII

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [Dec. 18, 1865]

Amendment XIV

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Represen-tatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. [July 28, 1868]

Amendment XV

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [March 30, 1870]

Amendment XVI

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. [Feb. 25, 1913]

Amendment XVII

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. [May 31, 1913]

Amendment XVIII

Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. [Jan. 29, 1919]

Amendment XIX

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [Aug. 26, 1920]

Amendment XX

Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.

Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons for whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.

Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission. [Feb. 6, 1933]

Amendment XXI

Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. [Dec. 5, 1933]

Amendment XXII

Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or actingas President during the remainder of such term.

Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress. [Feb. 27, 1951]

Amendment XXIII

Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [Mar. 29, 1961]

Amendment XXIV

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [Jan. 23, 1964]

Amendment XXV

Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.

Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. [Feb. 10, 1967]

Amendment XXVI

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [June 30, 1971]

Source: 1 United States Code Annotated 25 (1987).